Etiopathogenesis of Scoliosis

Introduction: Scoliosis is the most common spinal disorder in children and adolescents, with idiopathic scoliosis being the predominant form. In contrast, adult degenerative scoliosis generally develops in individuals over fifty. The impact of scoliosis can range from mild discomfort to serious health complications, depending on the severity of the spinal curvature. The severity of spinal curvature determines the impact, which can range from mild discomfort to serious health complications. However, regardless of severity, scoliosis significantly strains healthcare resources due to its impact on quality of life. In the United States, the National Scoliosis Foundation estimated 4 million cases in 2018, with current figures potentially approaching 7 million. Despite its prevalence and impact, the etiopathogenesis of scoliosis remains unclear.

Methods: To this end, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to identify the etiopathogenetic evidence related to idiopathic and adult degenerative scoliosis.

Results: For idiopathic scoliosis, we identified genetic factors grouped into susceptibility genes, progression drivers, and those influencing both. Key pathogenetic categories include evolutionary adaptations, abnormal bone metabolism, and spinal developmental changes. For adult degenerative scoliosis, we categorized genetic and pathogenic evidence into angiogenesis and inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, neural associations, and hormonal influences. Finally, by comparing these two forms, we developed a new model of scoliosis etiopathogenesis that integrates both intrinsic and environmental factors.

Conclusion : Scoliosis is a complex disorder with many aspects of its development still not fully understood. However, the existing evidence supports the promise of continued future research. It may potentially lead to the development of novel therapies and preventive measures that can help reduce the impact of scoliosis on human health.