Research Scientist University of Minnesota Shakopee, Minnesota, United States
Introduction: Trepanation, the ancient practice of drilling or scraping holes into the human skull, represents one of the earliest recorded surgical interventions. This procedure’s long history, from its therapeutic and ritualistic roots in Neolithic societies to the refined techniques of modern neurosurgery, illustrates a significant evolution in medical knowledge and surgical practice.
Methods: A historical review of primary and secondary sources was conducted to trace the development of trepanation techniques across different cultures and epochs, with a focus on surgical objectives, instruments used, and cultural beliefs surrounding the practice.
Results: Findings show that trepanation, initially employed to address head injuries, seizures, and spiritual concerns, evolved significantly across regions. Techniques improved as societies progressed, with notable advancements in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, and Renaissance Europe. Key figures like Hippocrates and Galen contributed to the procedural refinements that laid the groundwork for modern neurosurgical approaches. The transformation of trepanation into craniotomy by the 20th century, aided by advancements in sterilization, anesthesia, and neuroimaging, reflects both continuity and innovation.
Conclusion : The history of trepanation provides insight into the development of cranial surgery and underscores humanity’s enduring curiosity and courage in exploring the brain. The legacy of this ancient practice remains foundational to contemporary neurosurgery, linking past and present.
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